Author: admin
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Ragone Plots
Power and energy are often key design aims of an electrochemical system for energy storage and conversion. The instantaneous power produced by a cell is simply the current multiplied by the potential of the cell. Even if the current is constant, the potential is not generally flat and changes during discharge. Therefore, integration is required…
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Cell Characteristics and Electrochemical Performance
In order to understand how a battery will perform in service, it is important to understand how the potential of the cell is impacted by factors such as the rate at which the cell is charged or discharged, the cell temperature, and the SOC of the cell. Thermodynamics, electrode kinetics, and transport phenomena all have…
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Theoretical Capacity and State of Charge
The capacity is a rating of the charge or energy stored in the cell. This value is expressed in either ampere-hours [A·h] or watt-hours [W·h]. The first represents the capacity in terms of coulombs of charge available, the second in terms of energy available. The two are related simply by the average voltage of the…
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Classification of Batteries and Cell Chemistries
Batteries are classified as either primary or secondary. The easiest way of thinking about this is that secondary batteries are rechargeable. By reversing the current through the cell, a secondary battery can be recharged and used again. That is, electrical energy is used to restore a secondary cell back to its original state, whereas a…
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Components of a Cell
Figure 7.1 shows a simple electrochemical cell known as the Daniell cell (1839). Here zinc is oxidized at one electrode and copper ions reduced at the other: The main components of a cell are the negative electrode (zinc bar), the positive electrode (copper bar), and the electrolyte. The electrolyte is an ion conductor and an electronic…
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Microelectrodes
Microelectrodes are electrodes whose characteristic dimension is only a fraction of a millimeter. They represent an important tool for electroanalytical measurements. In this section, we examine some of the advantages and disadvantages of these electrodes. Two examples of microelectrode geometries are shown in Figure 6.28, but the general concepts developed here can be applied to other…
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iR Compensation
Ideally, we would like to measure or control the potential of the WE relative to the RE, where the reference electrode is just outside the diffuse double layer of the working electrode. Unfortunately, it is not possible to do so. There are two principal concerns: first, the degree to which the physical presence of the…
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Rotating Disk Electrodes
The rotating disk electrode (RDE) is shown in Figure 6.20. Here an electrode is imbedded in the end of a cylinder, which rotates submerged in the electrolyte. The electrode is typically a smooth surface surrounded by an insulating material such as Teflon. The RDE merits special attention for several reasons. First, the hydrodynamics for the RDE…
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Electrochemical Impedance
Fundamentals As mentioned previously, one of the key objectives of electroanalytical methods is to quantify the relationship between the current and voltage and to provide insight into the processes that influence that relationship. The simplest relationship is Ohm’s law: (6.17) which we have already used frequently. In this relationship, the resistance, RΩ, is the proportionality constant…
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Stripping Analyses
The underlying principle used in this type of analysis is that a quantitative amount of material is either deposited or removed from a surface or from an amalgam electrode. Because the coulombs passed can be measured very accurately, information about the surface area of an electrode or about the concentration of a metal species in…