Author: admin
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Electrodeposition Fundamentals
To this point, we have treated electrodeposition in a macroscopic way. However, deposit morphology and properties vary dramatically with the conditions under which the deposition takes place as illustrated in Figure 13.2, where current density is varied. In order to understand these different morphologies, we need to explore the fundamental processes that take place during…
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Faraday’s Law and Deposit Thickness
An important aspect of electrodeposition is that the total amount deposited is directly related to the amount of charge passed in carrying out the desired reaction, and hence to the thickness of the plated layer. The mass of the deposit is (13.1)where Q is the charge passed due to the plating reaction. Assuming that the…
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Overview
Electrodeposition is a shortened form of “electrolytic deposition,” which is the use of an electrolytic cell to deposit metal(s) or other material(s) on the target electrode. Therefore, like other electrolytic processes, electrodeposition consumes power to produce the desired product. For the moment, we focus our discussion on the electroplating of metals from aqueous solutions. Figure…
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Fuel-Cell Hybrid Systems for Vehicles
An alternative to the ICE is a fuel-cell power source, typically operating with hydrogen as the fuel. A key advantage is that emissions of carbon are eliminated as well as criteria pollutants. There are a few important distinctions to be made for fuel-cell hybrids. First, the fuel cell, like the battery, generates DC electrical power;…
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Batteries for Full-Hybrid Electric Vehicles
In this section, we are interested in hybrids where energy can be recovered during braking and where energy from the RESS can be used to propel the vehicle (so-called full hybrids). Full-hybrid vehicles span a range of architectures, including both the parallel and series architectures discussed previously. They have many advantages over a start–stop hybrid,…
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Start–Stop Hybrid
As we consider the energy storage requirements for the start–stop hybrid, it is important to know the power required as a function of time. The intended driving schedule and many of the specifics for the vehicle are not needed for design of the energy storage system for this type of hybrid, since the RESS does…
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Hybrid Vehicle Architectures
There are many architectures used in hybrid systems. We will not attempt to cover them extensively; rather, our objective is to review some typical architectures and to provide a broad overview of terminology. In subsequent sections, we will explore in more detail electrochemical devices for energy storage for specific hybrid architectures. Because there are many…
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Battery Electrical Vehicle
We begin our discussion of vehicles by first exploring the use of a battery to store energy for an all-electric vehicle. In a battery electric vehicle (BEV), the battery provides all of the power and energy needs. As mentioned earlier in the chapter, here are three key aspects to sizing the battery: energy capacity, power,…
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Regenerative Braking
Before turning to specific vehicle architectures, we pause to consider regenerative braking, which plays an important role in increasing hybrid vehicle efficiency. A key benefit of the vehicle strategies considered in this chapter is that kinetic and potential energy can be recovered during braking. Clearly, energy is required to accelerate a vehicle to a higher…
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Driving Schedules and Power Demand in Vehicles
In evaluating powertrain systems, the vehicle speed is often prescribed as a function of time. This relationship is generalized with a driving schedule. Figure 12.3 provides such a relationship for an urban dynamometer driving schedule, one of many standardized schedules that are available. This plot shows speed versus time for the vehicle driven in an…