Author: admin
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History
The term “physical chemistry” was coined by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1752, when he presented a lecture course entitled “A Course in True Physical Chemistry” (Russian: Курс истинной физической химии) before the students of Petersburg University.[9] In the preamble to these lectures he gives the definition: “Physical chemistry is the science that must explain under provisions of physical experiments the reason…
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Disciplines
Quantum chemistry, a subfield of physical chemistry especially concerned with the application of quantum mechanics to chemical problems, provides tools to determine how strong and what shape bonds are,[2] how nuclei move, and how light can be absorbed or emitted by a chemical compound.[3] Spectroscopy is the related sub-discipline of physical chemistry which is specifically concerned with the interaction of electromagnetic…
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Key concepts
The key concepts of physical chemistry are the ways in which pure physics is applied to chemical problems. One of the key concepts in classical chemistry is that all chemical compounds can be described as groups of atoms bonded together and chemical reactions can be described as the making and breaking of those bonds. Predicting the properties of chemical compounds from a description of…
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physical chemistry
Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic and microscopic phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibria. Physical chemistry, in contrast to chemical physics, is predominantly (but not always) a supra-molecular science, as the majority of the principles on which it was founded relate to the bulk rather than the molecular or atomic…
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Synthesis of organic compounds
Once the properties endowed upon a substance by specific structural units called functional groups are known, it becomes possible to design novel molecules that may exhibit desired properties. The preparation, under controlled laboratory conditions, of specific compounds is known as synthetic chemistry. Some products are easier to synthesize than to collect and purify from their natural sources. For…
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Organic compounds in nature
A major focus of organic chemistry is the isolation, purification, and structural study of naturally occurring substances, since many natural products are simple organic molecules. Simple carbon-containing compounds produced by photosynthesis—the process by which carbon dioxide and water are converted to oxygen and compounds known as carbohydrates—form the raw material for the myriad organic compounds found in the plant and animal kingdoms. Such compounds include formic acid (HCO2H) in ants, ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) in…
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Areas of specialization
Organic chemistry is the largest area of specialization among the various fields of chemistry. It derives its name from the fact that in the 19th century most of the carbon compounds then known were considered to have originated in living organisms. When combined with variable amounts of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or other elements, the structural possibilities of carbon compounds become limitless.…
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organic chemistry
Organic chemistry, field of science concerned with the composition, properties, and structure of chemical elements and compounds that contain carbon atoms. Carbon is unique in the variety and extent of structures that can result from the three-dimensional connections of its atoms.
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Dewatering
Concentrates and tailings produced by the methods outlined above must be dewatered in order to convert the pulps to a transportable state. In addition, the water can be recycled into the existing water circuits of the processing plant, greatly reducing the demand for expensive fresh water. Filtration Filtration is the separation of a suspension into a solid…
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Flotation separation
Flotation is the most widely used method for the concentration of fine-grained minerals. It takes advantage of the different physicochemical surface properties of minerals—in particular, their wettability, which can be a natural property or one artificially changed by chemical reagents. By altering the hydrophobic (water-repelling) or hydrophilic (water-attracting) conditions of their surfaces, mineral particles suspended…