Operators

What is an Operator in SQLite?

An operator is a reserved word or a character used primarily in an SQLite statement’s WHERE clause to perform operation(s), such as comparisons and arithmetic operations.

Operators are used to specify conditions in an SQLite statement and to serve as conjunctions for multiple conditions in a statement.

• Arithmetic operators
• Comparison operators
• Logical operators
• Bitwise operators

SQLite Arithmetic Operators

Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then SQLite arithmetic operators will be used as follows −

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Operator	Description	Example
+ (Addition)	Adds values on either side of the operator	a + b will give 30
– (Subtraction)	Subtracts the right hand operand from the left hand operand	a – b will give -10
* (Multiplication)	Multiplies values on either side of the operator	a * b will give 200
/ (Division)	Divides the left hand operand by the right hand operand	b / a will give 2
% (Modulus)	Divides the left hand operand by the right hand operand and returns the remainder	b % a will give 0

SQLite Comparison Operators

Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then SQLite comparison operators will be used as follows

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Operator	Description	Example
==	Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then the condition becomes true.	(a == b) is not true.
=	Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then the condition becomes true.	(a = b) is not true.
!=	Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if the values are not equal, then the condition becomes true.	(a != b) is true.
<>	Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if the values are not equal, then the condition becomes true.	(a <> b) is true.
>	Checks if the values of the left operand is greater than the value of the right operand, if yes then the condition becomes true.	(a > b) is not true.
<	Checks if the values of the left operand is less than the value of the right operand, if yes then the condition becomes true.	(a < b) is true.
>=	Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than or equal to the value of the right operand, if yes then the condition becomes true.	(a >= b) is not true.
<=	Checks if the value of the left operand is less than or equal to the value of the right operand, if yes then the condition becomes true.	(a <= b) is true.
!<	Checks if the value of the left operand is not less than the value of the right operand, if yes then the condition becomes true.	(a !< b) is false.
!>	Checks if the value of the left operand is not greater than the value of the right operand, if yes then the condition becomes true.	(a !> b) is true.

SQLite Logical Operators

Here is a list of all the logical operators available in SQLite.

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Sr.No.	Operator & Description
1	ANDThe AND operator allows the existence of multiple conditions in an SQL statement’s WHERE clause.
2	BETWEENThe BETWEEN operator is used to search for values that are within a set of values, given the minimum value and the maximum value.
3	EXISTSThe EXISTS operator is used to search for the presence of a row in a specified table that meets certain criteria.
4	INThe IN operator is used to compare a value to a list of literal values that have been specified.
5	NOT INThe negation of IN operator which is used to compare a value to a list of literal values that have been specified.
6	LIKEThe LIKE operator is used to compare a value to similar values using wildcard operators.
7	GLOBThe GLOB operator is used to compare a value to similar values using wildcard operators. Also, GLOB is case sensitive, unlike LIKE.
8	NOTThe NOT operator reverses the meaning of the logical operator with which it is used. Eg. NOT EXISTS, NOT BETWEEN, NOT IN, etc. This is negate operator.
9	ORThe OR operator is used to combine multiple conditions in an SQL statement’s WHERE clause.
10	IS NULLThe NULL operator is used to compare a value with a NULL value.
11	ISThe IS operator work like =
12	IS NOTThe IS operator work like !=
13	||Adds two different strings and make new one.
14	UNIQUEThe UNIQUE operator searches every row of a specified table for uniqueness (no duplicates).

SQLite Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit-by-bit operation. Following is the truth table for & and |.

p	q	p & q	p | q
0	0	0	0
0	1	0	1
1	1	1	1
1	0	0	1

Assume if A = 60; and B = 13, then in binary format, they will be as follows −

A = 0011 1100

B = 0000 1101

—————–

A&B = 0000 1100

A|B = 0011 1101

~A  = 1100 0011

The Bitwise operators supported by SQLite language are listed in the following table. Assume variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13, then −

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Operator	Description	Example
&	Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result, if it exists in both operands.	(A & B) will give 12 which is 0000 1100
|	Binary OR Operator copies a bit, if it exists in either operand.	(A | B) will give 61 which is 0011 1101
~	Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of ‘flipping’ bits.	(~A ) will give -61 which is 1100 0011 in 2’s complement form due to a signed binary number
<<	Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.	A << 2 will give 240 which is 1111 0000
>>	Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.	A >> 2 will give 15 which is 0000 1111